Filters:
NameProjectTypeCompare
Pamplona OPEN4CEC PED Lab Compare
Trondheim, Svartlamon OPEN4CEC PED Lab Compare
Savona, The University of Genova, Savona Campus OPEN4CEC PED Lab Compare
Torres Vedras, Encosta de São Vicente COPPER PED Lab Compare
Malmö, Stadium area (Stadionområdet) PED StepWise PED Case Study Compare
Utrecht, Utrecht Science Park PED StepWise PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Vienna, Kriegerheimstätten PED StepWise PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Vienna, 16. District, Leben am Wilhelminenberg HeatCOOP PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Vienna, Laxenburgerstraße AH HeatCOOP PED Lab Compare
Tartu, Annelinn V2G-QUESTS PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Utrecht, Kanaleneiland V2G-QUESTS PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Aveiro, Aradas district V2G-QUESTS PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Győr Geothermal District Heating Project PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Jacobs Borchs Gate, Drammen PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Dietenbach, Freiburg im Breisgau PED Relevant Case Study Compare
SmartEnCity, Lecce SmartEnCity – Towards Smart Zero CO2 Cities across Europe PED Relevant Case Study Compare
STARDUST, Trento STARDUST – Holistic and Integrated Urban Model for Smart Cities PED Relevant Case Study / PED Lab Compare
Klimatkontrakt Hyllie, Malmö PED Relevant Case Study Compare
EnStadt:Pfaff, Kaiserslautern PED Relevant Case Study / PED Lab Compare
mySMARTlife, Helsinki PED Relevant Case Study Uncompare
REPLICATE (pilot action in the Novoli-Cascine district on “le PIagge” buildings), Firenze PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Sinfonia, Bolzano PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Hunziker Areal, Zürich PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Hammarby Sjöstad 2.0, PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Sharing Cities, Milano PED Relevant Case Study Compare
District Heating Pozo Barredo, Mieres PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Cityfied (demo Linero), Lund PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Smart Otaniemi, Espoo PED Relevant Case Study / PED Lab Compare
Zukunftsquartier, Vienna PED Case Study Compare
Santa Chiara Open Lab, Trento PED Case Study Compare
Barrio La Pinada, Paterna PED Case Study / PED Lab Compare
Zero Village Bergen (ZVB) ZEN – Research Centre on Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in Smart Cities PED Case Study Compare
Võru +CityxChange PED Case Study Compare
NTNU Campus within the Knowledge Axis, Trondheim ZEN – Research Centre on Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in Smart Cities PED Case Study Compare
Furuset project, Oslo ZEN – Research Centre on Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in Smart Cities PED Case Study Compare
Laser Valley – Land of Lights PED Case Study Compare
Ydalir project ZEN – Research Centre on Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in Smart Cities PED Case Study Compare
NyBy – Ny Flyplass (New City – New Airport) ZEN – Research Centre on Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in Smart Cities PED Case Study Compare
Fornebu, Bærum ZEN – Research Centre on Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in Smart Cities PED Case Study Compare
Fleuraye west, Carquefou PED Case Study Compare
Smart Energy Åland PED Case Study Compare
Romania, Alba Iulia PED ASCEND – Accelerate poSitive Clean ENergy Districts PED Case Study Compare
Romania, Alba Iulia PED InterPED – INTERoperable cloud-based solution for cross-vector planning and management of Positive Energy Districts PED Case Study Compare
Munich, Harthof district PED Case Study Compare
Lublin MAKING-CITY – Energy efficient pathway for the city transformation: enabling a positive future PED Case Study Compare
Roubaix, MustBe0 – Résidence Philippe le Hardi – 125 Rue d’Oran CULTURAL-E – Climate and cultural-based solutions for Plus Energy Buildings PED Relevant Case Study Uncompare
Bærum, Eiksveien 116 CULTURAL-E – Climate and cultural-based solutions for Plus Energy Buildings PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Findhorn, the Park InterPED – INTERoperable cloud-based solution for cross-vector planning and management of Positive Energy Districts PED Case Study Compare
Amsterdam, Buiksloterham PED ATELIER – AmsTErdam BiLbao cItizen drivEn smaRt cities PED Case Study Compare
Schönbühel-Aggsbach, Schönbühel an der Donau PED-ACT – Auto characterization of PEDs for digital references towards iterative process optimisation PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Umeå, Ålidhem district PED-ACT – Auto characterization of PEDs for digital references towards iterative process optimisation PED Case Study Compare
Aalborg East PED Relevant Case Study / PED Lab Uncompare
Ankara, Çamlık District PED-ACT – Auto characterization of PEDs for digital references towards iterative process optimisation PED Case Study / PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Trenčín MAKING-CITY – Energy efficient pathway for the city transformation: enabling a positive future PED Case Study Compare
Luxembourg, Betzdorf LEGOFIT – Adaptable technological solutions based on early design actions for the construction and renovation of Energy Positive Homes PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Vantaa, Aviapolis NEUTRALPATH – Pathway towards Climate-Neutrality through low risky and fully replicable Positive Clean Energy Districts PED Case Study / PED Relevant Case Study / PED Lab Compare
Vidin, Himik and Bononia MAKING-CITY – Energy efficient pathway for the city transformation: enabling a positive future PED Case Study Compare
Oslo, Verksbyen Syn.ikia – Sustainable Plus Energy Neighbourhoods PED Case Study Compare
Uden, Loopkantstraat Syn.ikia – Sustainable Plus Energy Neighbourhoods PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Zaragoza, Actur NEUTRALPATH – Pathway towards Climate-Neutrality through low risky and fully replicable Positive Clean Energy Districts PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Aarhus, Brabrand BIPED – Building Intelligent Positive Energy Districts PED Case Study / PED Relevant Case Study / PED Lab Compare
Riga, Ķīpsala, RTU smart student city ExPEDite – Enabling Positive Energy Districts through Digital Twins PED Case Study Compare
Izmir, District of Karşıyaka PED-ACT – Auto characterization of PEDs for digital references towards iterative process optimisation PED Case Study Compare
Istanbul, Ozyegin University Campus LEGOFIT – Adaptable technological solutions based on early design actions for the construction and renovation of Energy Positive Homes PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Espoo, Kera SPARCS – Sustainable energy Positive & zero cARbon CommunitieS PED Case Study / PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Borlänge, Rymdgatan’s Residential Portfolio PED-ACT – Auto characterization of PEDs for digital references towards iterative process optimisation PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Freiburg, Waldsee PED urban – Development of methods and tools for accounting, planning and operation of climate-neutral district PED Case Study Compare
Innsbruck, Campagne-Areal PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Graz, Reininghausgründe PED Case Study Compare
Stor-Elvdal, Campus Evenstad ZEN – Research Centre on Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in Smart Cities PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Oulu, Kaukovainio MAKING-CITY – Energy efficient pathway for the city transformation: enabling a positive future PED Case Study Compare
Halmstad, Fyllinge PED Relevant Case Study
Lund, Brunnshög district PED Case Study Compare
Vienna, Am Kempelenpark PED Case Study Compare
Évora, Portugal POCITYF – A POsitive Energy CITY Transformation Framework PED Relevant Case Study / PED Lab Compare
Kladno, Sletiště (Sport Area), PED Winter Stadium SPARCS – Sustainable energy Positive & zero cARbon CommunitieS PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Groningen, PED South MAKING-CITY – Energy efficient pathway for the city transformation: enabling a positive future PED Lab Compare
Groningen, PED North MAKING-CITY – Energy efficient pathway for the city transformation: enabling a positive future PED Lab Compare
Maia, Sobreiro Social Housing SPARCS – Sustainable energy Positive & zero cARbon CommunitieS PED Lab Compare
Lubia (Soria), CEDER-CIEMAT PED Lab Compare
Tampere, Ilokkaanpuisto district STARDUST – Holistic and Integrated Urban Model for Smart Cities PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Leon, Former Sugar Factory district MAKING-CITY – Energy efficient pathway for the city transformation: enabling a positive future PED Case Study Compare
Istanbul, Kadikoy district, Caferaga MAKING-CITY – Energy efficient pathway for the city transformation: enabling a positive future PED Case Study Compare
Espoo, Leppävaara district, Sello center SPARCS – Sustainable energy Positive & zero cARbon CommunitieS PED Case Study Compare
Espoo, Espoonlahti district, Lippulaiva block SPARCS – Sustainable energy Positive & zero cARbon CommunitieS PED Case Study Compare
Salzburg, Gneis district Syn.ikia – Sustainable Plus Energy Neighbourhoods PED Case Study Compare
Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet Syn.ikia – Sustainable Plus Energy Neighbourhoods PED Case Study Compare
Tartu, City centre area SmartEnCity – Towards Smart Zero CO2 Cities across Europe PED Relevant Case Study / PED Lab Compare
Bologna, Pilastro-Roveri district GRETA – GReen Energy Transition Actions PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Barcelona, SEILAB & Energy SmartLab PED Lab Compare
Leipzig, Baumwollspinnerei district SPARCS – Sustainable energy Positive & zero cARbon CommunitieS PED Case Study Compare
Kifissia, Energy community SPARCS – Sustainable energy Positive & zero cARbon CommunitieS PED Relevant Case Study Compare
TitleHalmstad, Fyllinge
Aalborg East, Aalborg Municipality, Region of Northern Jutland, Denmark
Roubaix, MustBe0 - Résidence Philippe le Hardi – 125 Rue d’Oran
mySMARTlife, Helsinki
A1P001: Name of the PED case study / PED Lab
A1P001: Name of the PED case study / PED LabHalmstad, FyllingeAalborg East, Aalborg Municipality, Region of Northern Jutland, DenmarkRoubaix, MustBe0 - Résidence Philippe le Hardi – 125 Rue d’OranmySMARTlife, Helsinki
A1P002: Map / aerial view / photos / graphic details / leaflet
A1P002: Map / aerial view / photos / graphic details / leaflet
A1P003: Categorisation of the PED site
PED case studynononono
PED relevant case studyyesyesyesyes
PED Lab.noyesnono
A1P004: Targets of the PED case study / PED Lab
Climate neutralitynoyesyesyes
Annual energy surplusnonoyesno
Energy communityyesnonono
Circularitynononono
Air quality and urban comfortnonoyesno
Electrificationnononono
Net-zero energy costnononono
Net-zero emissionnononono
Self-sufficiency (energy autonomous)nononono
Maximise self-sufficiencynoyesnono
Othernononono
Other (A1P004)
A1P005: Phase of the PED case study / PED Lab
A1P005: Project Phase of your case study/PED LabPlanning PhasePlanning PhaseCompletedCompleted
A1P006: Start Date
A1P006: Start date01/2111/2201/2211/16
A1P007: End Date
A1P007: End date01/3011/2501/2411/21
A1P008: Reference Project
A1P008: Reference Project
A1P009: Data availability
A1P009: Data availability
  • General statistical datasets
  • Monitoring data available within the districts,
  • GIS open datasets
A1P009: Other
A1P010: Sources
Any publication, link to website, deliverable referring to the PED/PED Lab
      A1P011: Geographic coordinates
      X Coordinate (longitude):12.9205410.0073.165124.983148
      Y Coordinate (latitude):56.6519457.04102850.693760.187947
      A1P012: Country
      A1P012: CountrySwedenDenmarkFranceFinland
      A1P013: City
      A1P013: CityHalmstadAalborgRoubaixHelsinki
      A1P014: Climate Zone (Köppen Geiger classification)
      A1P014: Climate Zone (Köppen Geiger classification).DwbDfbCfbDfb
      A1P015: District boundary
      A1P015: District boundaryGeographicVirtualOther
      OtherPEB
      A1P016: Ownership of the case study/PED Lab
      A1P016: Ownership of the case study/PED Lab:MixedPublicPrivateMixed
      A1P017: Ownership of the land / physical infrastructure
      A1P017: Ownership of the land / physical infrastructure:Multiple OwnersMultiple OwnersSingle OwnerMultiple Owners
      A1P018: Number of buildings in PED
      A1P018: Number of buildings in PED2501
      A1P019: Conditioned space
      A1P019: Conditioned space [m²]1442
      A1P020: Total ground area
      A1P020: Total ground area [m²]313080002500
      A1P021: Floor area ratio: Conditioned space / total ground area
      A1P021: Floor area ratio: Conditioned space / total ground area0010
      A1P022: Financial schemes
      A1P022a: Financing - PRIVATE - Real estateyesnoyesno
      A1P022a: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]0
      A1P022b: Financing - PRIVATE - ESCO schemenononono
      A1P022b: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022c: Financing - PRIVATE - Othernononono
      A1P022c: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022d: Financing - PUBLIC - EU structural fundingnononono
      A1P022d: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022e: Financing - PUBLIC - National fundingnononono
      A1P022e: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022f: Financing - PUBLIC - Regional fundingnonoyesno
      A1P022f: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022g: Financing - PUBLIC - Municipal fundingnonoyesyes
      A1P022g: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022h: Financing - PUBLIC - Othernononono
      A1P022h: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022i: Financing - RESEARCH FUNDING - EUyesnoyesno
      A1P022i: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022j: Financing - RESEARCH FUNDING - Nationalnoyesnono
      A1P022j: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022k: Financing - RESEARCH FUNDING - Local/regionalnononono
      A1P022k: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022l: Financing - RESEARCH FUNDING - Othernononono
      A1P022l: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022: OtherRetrofitted through various subsidies
      A1P023: Economic Targets
      A1P023: Economic Targets
      • Boosting local and sustainable production
      • Positive externalities,
      • Boosting local businesses,
      • Boosting local and sustainable production
      A1P023: Other
      A1P024: More comments:
      A1P024: More comments:The building comprises 32 homes. The refurbishment complies with EnergieSprong specifications. This implies a performance of E=0 over 25 years.
      A1P025: Estimated PED case study / PED LAB costs
      A1P025: Estimated PED case study / PED LAB costs [mil. EUR]3.6
      Contact person for general enquiries
      A1P026: NameMarkus OlofsgårdKristian OlesenJulien HolgardChristoph Gollner
      A1P027: OrganizationAFRYAalborg UniversityVilogiaFFG
      A1P028: AffiliationOtherResearch Center / UniversityOtherOther
      A1P028: OtherSocial Housing Company
      A1P029: Emailmarkus.olofsgard@afry.comKristian@plan.aau.dkjulien.holgard@vilogia.frchristoph.gollner@ffg.at
      Contact person for other special topics
      A1P030: NameAlex Søgaard MorenoJulien Holgard
      A1P031: Emailasm@aalborg.dkjulien.holgard@vilogia.fr
      Pursuant to the General Data Protection RegulationYesYesYesYes
      A2P001: Fields of application
      A2P001: Fields of application
      • Energy flexibility,
      • Energy production,
      • E-mobility,
      • Digital technologies
      • Energy efficiency,
      • Energy flexibility,
      • Energy production,
      • Urban comfort (pollution, heat island, noise level etc.),
      • Digital technologies
      • Energy efficiency,
      • Energy production,
      • Urban comfort (pollution, heat island, noise level etc.),
      • Indoor air quality,
      • Construction materials
      • Energy efficiency,
      • E-mobility,
      • Digital technologies
      A2P001: Other
      A2P002: Tools/strategies/methods applied for each of the above-selected fields
      A2P002: Tools/strategies/methods applied for each of the above-selected fieldslink based regulation of electricity gridStakeholder engagement, expert energy system analysis, future scenarios
      A2P003: Application of ISO52000
      A2P003: Application of ISO52000NoNoNo
      A2P004: Appliances included in the calculation of the energy balance
      A2P004: Appliances included in the calculation of the energy balanceNoNoYes
      A2P005: Mobility included in the calculation of the energy balance
      A2P005: Mobility included in the calculation of the energy balanceYesNoNo
      A2P006: Description of how mobility is included (or not included) in the calculation
      A2P006: Description of how mobility is included (or not included) in the calculationLarge combined industrial, residential, and commercial area with complex flows of in- and outgoing traffic.
      A2P007: Annual energy demand in buildings / Thermal demand
      A2P007: Annual energy demand in buildings / Thermal demand [GWh/annum]218
      A2P008: Annual energy demand in buildings / Electric Demand
      A2P008: Annual energy demand in buildings / Electric Demand [GWh/annum]148
      A2P009: Annual energy demand for e-mobility
      A2P009: Annual energy demand for e-mobility [GWh/annum]
      A2P010: Annual energy demand for urban infrastructure
      A2P010: Annual energy demand for urban infrastructure [GWh/annum]
      A2P011: Annual renewable electricity production on-site during target year
      A2P011: PVyesnoyesno
      A2P011: PV - specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P011: Windnoyesnono
      A2P011: Wind - specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P011: Hydronononono
      A2P011: Hydro - specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P011: Biomass_elnononono
      A2P011: Biomass_el - specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P011: Biomass_peat_elnononono
      A2P011: Biomass_peat_el - specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P011: PVT_elnononono
      A2P011: PVT_el - specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P011: Othernoyesnono
      A2P011: Other - specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P012: Annual renewable thermal production on-site during target year
      A2P012: Geothermalyesnonono
      A2P012 - Geothermal: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P012: Solar Thermalnononono
      A2P012 - Solar Thermal: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P012: Biomass_heatnononono
      A2P012 - Biomass_heat: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P012: Waste heat+HPnoyesnono
      A2P012 - Waste heat+HP: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]300
      A2P012: Biomass_peat_heatnononono
      A2P012 - Biomass_peat_heat: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P012: PVT_thnononono
      A2P012 - PVT_th: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P012: Biomass_firewood_thnononono
      A2P012 - Biomass_firewood_th: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P012: Othernononono
      A2P012 - Other: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P013: Renewable resources on-site - Additional notes
      A2P013: Renewable resources on-site - Additional notesVery little wind production currently exists in the area. The electricity production of the waste incineration plant will be included at a later date. Aalborg East is partly a remarkable area for hosting a Portland cement factory that accounts for a substantial share of Denmark’s total CO2 emissions. In turn, it also provides waste heat to the district heating grid for all of Aalborg city and some of the smaller towns that are connected to the same DH grid.
      A2P014: Annual energy use
      A2P014: Annual energy use [GWh/annum]6200.084
      A2P015: Annual energy delivered
      A2P015: Annual energy delivered [GWh/annum]3990.11
      A2P016: Annual non-renewable electricity production on-site during target year
      A2P016: Annual non-renewable electricity production on-site during target year [GWh/annum]0
      A2P017: Annual non-renewable thermal production on-site during target year
      A2P017: Gasnononono
      A2P017 - Gas: Annual non-renewable thermal production on-site during target year [GWh/annum]
      A2P017: Coalnononono
      A2P017 - Coal: Annual non-renewable thermal production on-site during target year [GWh/annum]
      A2P017: Oilnononono
      A2P017 - Oil: Annual non-renewable thermal production on-site during target year [GWh/annum]
      A2P017: Othernoyesnono
      A2P017 - Other: Annual non-renewable thermal production on-site during target year [GWh/annum]300
      A2P018: Annual renewable electricity imports from outside the boundary during target year
      A2P018: PVnononono
      A2P018 - PV: specify production in GWh/annum if available [GWh/annum]
      A2P018: Windnononono
      A2P018 - Wind: specify production in GWh/annum if available [GWh/annum]
      A2P018: Hydronononono
      A2P018 - Hydro: specify production in GWh/annum if available [GWh/annum]
      A2P018: Biomass_elnononono
      A2P018 - Biomass_el: specify production in GWh/annum if available [GWh/annum]
      A2P018: Biomass_peat_elnononono
      A2P018 - Biomass_peat_el: specify production in GWh/annum if available [GWh/annum]
      A2P018: PVT_elnononono
      A2P018 - PVT_el: specify production in GWh/annum if available [GWh/annum]
      A2P018: Othernononono
      A2P018 - Other: specify production in GWh/annum if available [GWh/annum]
      A2P019: Annual renewable thermal imports from outside the boundary during target year
      A2P019: Geothermalnononono
      A2P019 Geothermal: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P019: Solar Thermalnononono
      A2P019 Solar Thermal: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P019: Biomass_heatnononono
      A2P019 Biomass_heat: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P019: Waste heat+HPnononono
      A2P019 Waste heat+HP: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P019: Biomass_peat_heatnononono
      A2P019 Biomass_peat_heat: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P019: PVT_thnononono
      A2P019 PVT_th: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P019: Biomass_firewood_thnononono
      A2P019 Biomass_firewood_th: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P019: Othernononono
      A2P019 Other: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P020: Share of RES on-site / RES outside the boundary
      A2P020: Share of RES on-site / RES outside the boundary0000
      A2P021: GHG-balance calculated for the PED
      A2P021: GHG-balance calculated for the PED [tCO2/annum]
      A2P022: KPIs related to the PED case study / PED Lab
      A2P022: Safety & Security
      A2P022: Health
      A2P022: Education
      A2P022: Mobility
      A2P022: Energy
      A2P022: Water
      A2P022: Economic development
      A2P022: Housing and Community
      A2P022: Waste
      A2P022: Other
      A2P023: Technological Solutions / Innovations - Energy Generation
      A2P023: Photovoltaicsyesyesyesno
      A2P023: Solar thermal collectorsnoyesnoyes
      A2P023: Wind Turbinesnononono
      A2P023: Geothermal energy systemnononoyes
      A2P023: Waste heat recoverynoyesnoyes
      A2P023: Waste to energynoyesnono
      A2P023: Polygenerationnononono
      A2P023: Co-generationnononono
      A2P023: Heat Pumpnoyesnoyes
      A2P023: Hydrogennononono
      A2P023: Hydropower plantnononono
      A2P023: Biomassnoyesnono
      A2P023: Biogasnononono
      A2P023: Other
      A2P024: Technological Solutions / Innovations - Energy Flexibility
      A2P024: A2P024: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)yesnonoyes
      A2P024: Energy management systemnoyesnono
      A2P024: Demand-side managementyesyesnono
      A2P024: Smart electricity gridyesyesnoyes
      A2P024: Thermal Storagenoyesnono
      A2P024: Electric Storagenoyesnono
      A2P024: District Heating and Coolingnoyesnoyes
      A2P024: Smart metering and demand-responsive control systemsyesyesyesyes
      A2P024: P2P – buildingsnononono
      A2P024: Other
      A2P025: Technological Solutions / Innovations - Energy Efficiency
      A2P025: Deep Retrofittingnoyesyesno
      A2P025: Energy efficiency measures in historic buildingsnononono
      A2P025: High-performance new buildingsnononono
      A2P025: Smart Public infrastructure (e.g. smart lighting)nononoyes
      A2P025: Urban data platformsnononono
      A2P025: Mobile applications for citizensnononono
      A2P025: Building services (HVAC & Lighting)nononono
      A2P025: Smart irrigationnononono
      A2P025: Digital tracking for waste disposalnononono
      A2P025: Smart surveillancenoyesnono
      A2P025: Other
      A2P026: Technological Solutions / Innovations - Mobility
      A2P026: Efficiency of vehicles (public and/or private)nononono
      A2P026: Measures to reduce traffic volume (e.g. measure to support public transportation, shared mobility, measure to reduce journeys and distances)nononono
      A2P026: e-Mobilitynononoyes
      A2P026: Soft mobility infrastructures and last mile solutionsnononono
      A2P026: Car-free areanononono
      A2P026: Other
      A2P027: Mobility strategies - Additional notes
      A2P027: Mobility strategies - Additional notes
      A2P028: Energy efficiency certificates
      A2P028: Energy efficiency certificatesNoYesNo
      A2P028: If yes, please specify and/or enter notes
      A2P029: Any other building / district certificates
      A2P029: Any other building / district certificatesNoNoNo
      A2P029: If yes, please specify and/or enter notes
      A3P001: Relevant city /national strategy
      A3P001: Relevant city /national strategy
      • Promotion of energy communities (REC/CEC)
      • Smart cities strategies,
      • Urban Renewal Strategies,
      • New development strategies,
      • National / international city networks addressing sustainable urban development and climate neutrality
      • Climate change adaption plan/strategy (e.g. Climate City contract)
      • Smart cities strategies
      A3P002: Quantitative targets included in the city / national strategy
      A3P002: Quantitative targets included in the city / national strategyReduction of 1018000 tons CO2 by 2030
      A3P003: Strategies towards decarbonization of the gas grid
      A3P003: Strategies towards decarbonization of the gas grid
      • Electrification of Heating System based on Heat Pumps,
      • Biogas
      • Electrification of Heating System based on Heat Pumps
      A3P003: Other
      A3P004: Identification of needs and priorities
      A3P004: Identification of needs and prioritiesDecarbonize part of Aalborg city as a way of working incrementally towards being a zero-emission city.
      A3P005: Sustainable behaviour
      A3P005: Sustainable behaviour- Stakeholder engagement; - Focus on implementing renewable energy production where possible; - Rretrofitting and energy optimization of existing buildings.
      A3P006: Economic strategies
      A3P006: Economic strategies
      • Local trading
      • Life Cycle Cost,
      • Circular economy models
      A3P006: Other
      A3P007: Social models
      A3P007: Social models
      • Behavioural Change / End-users engagement,
      • Citizen/owner involvement in planning and maintenance
      • Strategies towards (local) community-building,
      • Co-creation / Citizen engagement strategies,
      • Policy Forums,
      • Citizen/owner involvement in planning and maintenance
      • Behavioural Change / End-users engagement,
      • Educational activities and trainings (including capacity building towards technology literacy, energy efficient behaviour)
      A3P007: Other
      A3P008: Integrated urban strategies
      A3P008: Integrated urban strategies
      • Strategic urban planning
      • Strategic urban planning,
      • District Energy plans
      A3P008: Other
      A3P009: Environmental strategies
      A3P009: Environmental strategies
      • Energy Neutral,
      • Carbon-free
      • Energy Neutral,
      • Net zero carbon footprint
      • Energy Neutral
      • Carbon-free
      A3P009: Other
      A3P010: Legal / Regulatory aspects
      A3P010: Legal / Regulatory aspectsCurrent energy tariffs disincentivize both individual and collective PV systems – meaning energy communities are not economically feasible, housing associations and public buildings struggle with finding a secure RoI for solar panels, and citizens and local industry lack an incentive to install solar panels on their own
      B1P001: PED/PED relevant concept definition
      B1P001: PED/PED relevant concept definitionThe large scale provides interesting opportunities for both urban development and strategic energy planning; the diverse mix of buildings and functions also allow for interesting discussions regarding PEDs. Another interesting facet is that the district heating grid is almost fully supplied by waste heat.Refurbishment of social housing. The refurbishment complies with EnergieSprong specifications. This implies a performance of E=0 over 25 years.
      B1P002: Motivation behind PED/PED relevant project development
      B1P002: Motivation behind PED/PED relevant project developmentThe area has an interesting history of development and has recently undergone several urban improvements. This is coupled with a strong local network of business owners and other stakeholders, all with an interest in developing the area in the best way possible. This made for an interesting case from a planning perspective to investigate how this network would pick up on the concept of PED and whether they could see any potential utility in relation to their everyday experiences.Refurbishment of social housing
      B1P003: Environment of the case study area
      B2P003: Environment of the case study areaSuburban areaSuburban areaSuburban areaUrban area
      B1P004: Type of district
      B2P004: Type of district
      • New construction
      • Renovation
      • Renovation
      • New construction,
      • Renovation
      B1P005: Case Study Context
      B1P005: Case Study Context
      • New Development
      • Retrofitting Area
      • Retrofitting Area
      • Re-use / Transformation Area,
      • New Development,
      • Retrofitting Area
      B1P006: Year of construction
      B1P006: Year of construction1958
      B1P007: District population before intervention - Residential
      B1P007: District population before intervention - Residential16.931
      B1P008: District population after intervention - Residential
      B1P008: District population after intervention - Residential
      B1P009: District population before intervention - Non-residential
      B1P009: District population before intervention - Non-residential
      B1P010: District population after intervention - Non-residential
      B1P010: District population after intervention - Non-residential
      B1P011: Population density before intervention
      B1P011: Population density before intervention0000
      B1P012: Population density after intervention
      B1P012: Population density after intervention0000
      B1P013: Building and Land Use before intervention
      B1P013: Residentialnonoyesyes
      B1P013 - Residential: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Officenononoyes
      B1P013 - Office: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Industry and Utilitynononono
      B1P013 - Industry and Utility: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Commercialnononono
      B1P013 - Commercial: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Institutionalnononono
      B1P013 - Institutional: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Natural areasyesnonono
      B1P013 - Natural areas: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Recreationalnononono
      B1P013 - Recreational: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Dismissed areasnononono
      B1P013 - Dismissed areas: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Othernononono
      B1P013 - Other: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Building and Land Use after intervention
      B1P014: Residentialnonoyesyes
      B1P014 - Residential: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Officenononoyes
      B1P014 - Office: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Industry and Utilitynononono
      B1P014 - Industry and Utility: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Commercialnononono
      B1P014 - Commercial: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Institutionalnononono
      B1P014 - Institutional: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Natural areasnononono
      B1P014 - Natural areas: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Recreationalnononono
      B1P014 - Recreational: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Dismissed areasnononono
      B1P014 - Dismissed areas: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Othernononono
      B1P014 - Other: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B2P001: PED Lab concept definition
      B2P001: PED Lab concept definitionAn ongoing process and dialogue with local stakeholders to determine the future development of the area.
      B2P002: Installation life time
      B2P002: Installation life timeNo new installation will be made throughout the project. Rather the project will attempt to establish a local PED network with the aim of empowering the stakeholders to better engage with sustainable technologies.
      B2P003: Scale of action
      B2P003: ScaleDistrictDistrict
      B2P004: Operator of the installation
      B2P004: Operator of the installationKristian Olesen
      B2P005: Replication framework: Applied strategy to reuse and recycling the materials
      B2P005: Replication framework: Applied strategy to reuse and recycling the materialsReplication is primarily focused on the establishment of a local network with an interest in and understanding of PED.
      B2P006: Circular Economy Approach
      B2P006: Do you apply any strategy to reuse and recycling the materials?No
      B2P006: Other
      B2P007: Motivation for developing the PED Lab
      B2P007: Motivation for developing the PED Lab
      • Civic
      B2P007: Other
      B2P008: Lead partner that manages the PED Lab
      B2P008: Lead partner that manages the PED LabResearch center/University
      B2P008: Other
      B2P009: Collaborative partners that participate in the PED Lab
      B2P009: Collaborative partners that participate in the PED Lab
      • Academia,
      • Private
      B2P009: Other
      B2P010: Synergies between the fields of activities
      B2P010: Synergies between the fields of activities
      B2P011: Available facilities to test urban configurations in PED Lab
      B2P011: Available facilities to test urban configurations in PED Lab
      B2P011: Other
      B2P012: Incubation capacities of PED Lab
      B2P012: Incubation capacities of PED Lab
      B2P013: Availability of the facilities for external people
      B2P013: Availability of the facilities for external people
      B2P014: Monitoring measures
      B2P014: Monitoring measures
      B2P015: Key Performance indicators
      B2P015: Key Performance indicators
      B2P016: Execution of operations
      B2P016: Execution of operations
      B2P017: Capacities
      B2P017: Capacities
      B2P018: Relations with stakeholders
      B2P018: Relations with stakeholders
      B2P019: Available tools
      B2P019: Available tools
      • Energy modelling
      B2P019: Available tools
      B2P020: External accessibility
      B2P020: External accessibility
      C1P001: Unlocking Factors
      C1P001: Recent technological improvements for on-site RES production3 - Moderately important2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Innovative, integrated, prefabricated packages for buildings envelope / Energy efficiency of building stock1 - Unimportant4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Energy Communities, P2P, Prosumers concepts5 - Very important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Storage systems and E-mobility market penetration5 - Very important3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Decreasing costs of innovative materials1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Financial mechanisms to reduce costs and maximize benefits3 - Moderately important4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: The ability to predict Multiple Benefits2 - Slightly important2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: The ability to predict the distribution of benefits and impacts4 - Important4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Citizens improved awareness and engagement on sustainable energy issues (bottom-up)4 - Important5 - Very important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Social acceptance (top-down)4 - Important4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Improved local and national policy frameworks (i.e. incentives, laws etc.)4 - Important4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Presence of integrated urban strategies and plans5 - Very important3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Multidisciplinary approaches available for systemic integration4 - Important5 - Very important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Availability of grants (from EC or other donors) to finance the PED Lab projects1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Availability of RES on site (Local RES)5 - Very important2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Ongoing or established collaboration on Public Private Partnership among key stakeholders3 - Moderately important5 - Very important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Any other UNLOCKING FACTORS1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Any other UNLOCKING FACTORS (if any)
      C1P002: Driving Factors
      C1P002: Climate Change adaptation need3 - Moderately important2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P002: Climate Change mitigation need (local RES production and efficiency)3 - Moderately important4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P002: Rapid urbanization trend and need of urban expansions2 - Slightly important2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P002: Urban re-development of existing built environment1 - Unimportant5 - Very important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P002: Economic growth need1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P002: Improved local environmental quality (air, noise, aesthetics, etc.)1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P002: Territorial and market attractiveness1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P002: Energy autonomy/independence2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P002: Any other DRIVING FACTOR1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P002: Any other DRIVING FACTOR (if any)
      C1P003: Administrative barriers
      C1P003: Difficulty in the coordination of high number of partners and authorities1 - Unimportant4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P003: Lack of good cooperation and acceptance among partners1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P003: Lack of public participation1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P003: Lack of institutions/mechanisms to disseminate information3 - Moderately important2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P003:Long and complex procedures for authorization of project activities1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P003: Time consuming requirements by EC or other donors concerning reporting and accountancy1 - Unimportant5 - Very important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P003: Complicated and non-comprehensive public procurement1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P003: Fragmented and or complex ownership structure1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P003: City administration & cross-sectoral attitude/approaches (silos)1 - Unimportant5 - Very important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P003: Lack of internal capacities to support energy transition1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P003: Any other Administrative BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P003: Any other Administrative BARRIER (if any)
      C1P004: Policy barriers
      C1P004: Lack of long-term and consistent energy plans and policies4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P004: Lacking or fragmented local political commitment and support on the long term4 - Important2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P004: Lack of Cooperation & support between national-regional-local entities1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P004: Any other Political BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P004: Any other Political BARRIER (if any)
      C1P005: Legal and Regulatory barriers
      C1P005: Inadequate regulations for new technologies1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P005: Regulatory instability1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P005: Non-effective regulations1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P005: Unfavorable local regulations for innovative technologies1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P005: Building code and land-use planning hindering innovative technologies1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P005: Insufficient or insecure financial incentives3 - Moderately important4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P005: Unresolved privacy concerns and limiting nature of privacy protection regulation1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P005: Shortage of proven and tested solutions and examples1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P005: Any other Legal and Regulatory BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P005: Any other Legal and Regulatory BARRIER (if any)
      C1P006: Environmental barriers
      C1P006: Environmental barriers
      C1P007: Technical barriers
      C1P007: Lack of skilled and trained personnel1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P007: Deficient planning3 - Moderately important3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P007: Retrofitting work in dwellings in occupied state1 - Unimportant5 - Very important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P007: Lack of well-defined process1 - Unimportant4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P007: Inaccuracy in energy modelling and simulation5 - Very important2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P007: Lack/cost of computational scalability1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P007: Grid congestion, grid instability1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P007: Negative effects of project intervention on the natural environment1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P007: Energy retrofitting work in dense and/or historical urban environment1 - Unimportant4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P007: Difficult definition of system boundaries1 - Unimportant5 - Very important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P007: Any other Thecnical BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P007: Any other Thecnical BARRIER (if any)
      C1P008: Social and Cultural barriers
      C1P008: Inertia1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P008: Lack of values and interest in energy optimization measurements1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P008: Low acceptance of new projects and technologies1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P008: Difficulty of finding and engaging relevant actors4 - Important2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P008: Lack of trust beyond social network1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P008: Rebound effect1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P008: Hostile or passive attitude towards environmentalism1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P008: Exclusion of socially disadvantaged groups1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P008: Non-energy issues are more important and urgent for actors1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P008: Hostile or passive attitude towards energy collaboration1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P008: Any other Social BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P008: Any other Social BARRIER (if any)
      C1P009: Information and Awareness barriers
      C1P009: Insufficient information on the part of potential users and consumers5 - Very important2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P009: Perception of interventions as complicated and expensive, with negative socio-economic or environmental impacts1 - Unimportant5 - Very important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P009: Lack of awareness among authorities3 - Moderately important3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P009: Information asymmetry causing power asymmetry of established actors2 - Slightly important4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P009: High costs of design, material, construction, and installation1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P009: Any other Information and Awareness BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P009: Any other Information and Awareness BARRIER (if any)
      C1P010: Financial barriers
      C1P010: Hidden costs1 - Unimportant4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P010: Insufficient external financial support and funding for project activities1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P010: Economic crisis1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P010: Risk and uncertainty2 - Slightly important5 - Very important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P010: Lack of consolidated and tested business models4 - Important4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P010: Limited access to capital and cost disincentives1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P010: Any other Financial BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P010: Any other Financial BARRIER (if any)
      C1P011: Market barriers
      C1P011: Split incentives1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P011: Energy price distortion1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P011: Energy market concentration, gatekeeper actors (DSOs)1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P011: Any other Market BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P011: Any other Market BARRIER (if any)
      C1P012: Stakeholders involved
      C1P012: Government/Public Authorities
      • Design/demand aggregation
      C1P012: Research & Innovation
      C1P012: Financial/Funding
      C1P012: Analyst, ICT and Big Data
      • Monitoring/operation/management
      C1P012: Business process management
      • Design/demand aggregation
      C1P012: Urban Services providers
      • Design/demand aggregation
      C1P012: Real Estate developers
      • Construction/implementation
      C1P012: Design/Construction companies
      • Design/demand aggregation
      C1P012: End‐users/Occupants/Energy Citizens
      • Monitoring/operation/management
      C1P012: Social/Civil Society/NGOs
      • Design/demand aggregation
      C1P012: Industry/SME/eCommerce
      • Construction/implementation
      C1P012: Other
      C1P012: Other (if any)
      Summary

      Authors (framework concept)

      Beril Alpagut (Demir Energy); Giulia Turci (University of Bologna); Michal Kuzmic (Czech Technical University in Prague); Paolo Civiero (Università Roma Tre); Serena Pagliulia (University of Bologna); Oscar Seco (CIEMAT); Silvia Soutullo (CIEMAT); Daniele Vettorato (EURAC Research, IEA Annex 83); Bailador Ferreras M. Almudena (CIEMAT); Vicky Albert-Seifried (FHG ISE)

      Contributors (to the content)

      Laura Aelenei (LNEG), Nienke Maas (TNO), Savis Gohari (OsloMet), Andras Reith (ABUD), Ghazal Etminan (AIT), Maria-Beatrice Andreucci (Universita Sapienza), Francesco Reda (VTT, IEA Annex 83), Mari Hukkalainen (VTT), Judith-Borsboom (Locality), Gilda Massa (ENEA), Jelena Ziemele (University of Latvia), Nikola Pokorny (CVUT), Sergio Diaz de Garayo Balsategui (CENER, IEA Annex 83), Matthias Haaze (ZHAW, IEA Annex 83), Christoph Gollner (FFG, JPI UE), Silvia Bossi (ENEA, JPI UE), Christian Winzer (Zurich University of Applied Science), George Martinopoulos (Centre for Research and Technology Hellas), Maria Nuria Sánchez (CIEMAT), Angelina Tomova (Energy Agency of Plovdiv)

      Implemented by

      Boutik.pt: Filipe Martins, Jamal Khan
      Marek Suchánek (Czech Technical University in Prague)