Filters:
NameProjectTypeCompare
Freiburg, Waldsee PED urban – Development of methods and tools for accounting, planning and operation of climate-neutral district PED Case Study Compare
Innsbruck, Campagne-Areal PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Graz, Reininghausgründe PED Case Study Compare
Stor-Elvdal, Campus Evenstad ZEN – Research Centre on Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in Smart Cities PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Oulu, Kaukovainio MAKING-CITY – Energy efficient pathway for the city transformation: enabling a positive future PED Case Study Uncompare
Halmstad, Fyllinge PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Lund, Brunnshög district PED Case Study Compare
Vienna, Am Kempelenpark PED Case Study Compare
Évora, Portugal POCITYF – A POsitive Energy CITY Transformation Framework PED Relevant Case Study / PED Lab Compare
Kladno, Sletiště (Sport Area), PED Winter Stadium SPARCS – Sustainable energy Positive & zero cARbon CommunitieS PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Groningen, PED South MAKING-CITY – Energy efficient pathway for the city transformation: enabling a positive future PED Lab Compare
Groningen, PED North MAKING-CITY – Energy efficient pathway for the city transformation: enabling a positive future PED Lab Uncompare
Maia, Sobreiro Social Housing SPARCS – Sustainable energy Positive & zero cARbon CommunitieS PED Lab Uncompare
Lubia (Soria), CEDER-CIEMAT PED Lab Compare
Tampere, Ilokkaanpuisto district STARDUST – Holistic and Integrated Urban Model for Smart Cities PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Leon, Former Sugar Factory district MAKING-CITY – Energy efficient pathway for the city transformation: enabling a positive future PED Case Study Compare
Istanbul, Kadikoy district, Caferaga MAKING-CITY – Energy efficient pathway for the city transformation: enabling a positive future PED Case Study Compare
Espoo, Leppävaara district, Sello center SPARCS – Sustainable energy Positive & zero cARbon CommunitieS PED Case Study Compare
Espoo, Espoonlahti district, Lippulaiva block SPARCS – Sustainable energy Positive & zero cARbon CommunitieS PED Case Study Compare
Salzburg, Gneis district Syn.ikia – Sustainable Plus Energy Neighbourhoods PED Case Study Compare
Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet Syn.ikia – Sustainable Plus Energy Neighbourhoods PED Case Study Compare
Tartu, City centre area SmartEnCity – Towards Smart Zero CO2 Cities across Europe PED Relevant Case Study / PED Lab Compare
Bologna, Pilastro-Roveri district GRETA – GReen Energy Transition Actions PED Relevant Case Study Compare
Barcelona, SEILAB & Energy SmartLab PED Lab Compare
Leipzig, Baumwollspinnerei district SPARCS – Sustainable energy Positive & zero cARbon CommunitieS PED Case Study Compare
Kifissia, Energy community SPARCS – Sustainable energy Positive & zero cARbon CommunitieS PED Relevant Case Study
TitleKifissia, Energy community
Maia, Sobreiro Social Housing
Oulu, Kaukovainio
Groningen, PED North
A1P001: Name of the PED case study / PED Lab
A1P001: Name of the PED case study / PED LabKifissia, Energy communityMaia, Sobreiro Social HousingOulu, KaukovainioGroningen, PED North
A1P002: Map / aerial view / photos / graphic details / leaflet
A1P002: Map / aerial view / photos / graphic details / leaflet
A1P003: Categorisation of the PED site
PED case studynonoyesno
PED relevant case studyyesnonono
PED Lab.noyesnoyes
A1P004: Targets of the PED case study / PED Lab
Climate neutralitynoyesyesyes
Annual energy surplusnononoyes
Energy communityyesnonoyes
Circularitynonoyesyes
Air quality and urban comfortyesnonono
Electrificationyesnoyesno
Net-zero energy costnononono
Net-zero emissionnononoyes
Self-sufficiency (energy autonomous)nononono
Maximise self-sufficiencynoyesnono
Othernononono
Other (A1P004)
A1P005: Phase of the PED case study / PED Lab
A1P005: Project Phase of your case study/PED LabPlanning PhasePlanning PhaseIn operationImplementation Phase
A1P006: Start Date
A1P006: Start date10/2112/18
A1P007: End Date
A1P007: End date10/2412/23
A1P008: Reference Project
A1P008: Reference Project
A1P009: Data availability
A1P009: Data availability
  • Monitoring data available within the districts,
  • Open data city platform – different dashboards,
  • Meteorological open data,
  • General statistical datasets,
  • GIS open datasets
  • Monitoring data available within the districts,
  • Open data city platform – different dashboards,
  • GIS open datasets
A1P009: Other
A1P010: Sources
Any publication, link to website, deliverable referring to the PED/PED Lab
      • TNO, Hanze, RUG,
      • Ped noord book
      A1P011: Geographic coordinates
      X Coordinate (longitude):23.814588-8.37355725.5175950840935076.535121
      Y Coordinate (latitude):38.07734941.13580464.9928809817313253.234846
      A1P012: Country
      A1P012: CountryGreecePortugalFinlandNetherlands
      A1P013: City
      A1P013: CityMunicipality of KifissiaMaiaOuluGroningen
      A1P014: Climate Zone (Köppen Geiger classification)
      A1P014: Climate Zone (Köppen Geiger classification).CsaCsbDfcCfa
      A1P015: District boundary
      A1P015: District boundaryVirtualVirtualFunctional
      OtherThe energy will be produced by a PV plant installed on the terrace of a municipal building. Members of the energy community (that is under formation) will benefit from the energy produced via virtual net metering. PV instalment and the buildings (owned by the members of the community) will be within the boundaries of the Municipality but not necessary in the same area/district/neighbourhoodRegional (close to virtual)
      A1P016: Ownership of the case study/PED Lab
      A1P016: Ownership of the case study/PED Lab:PublicMixedMixed
      A1P017: Ownership of the land / physical infrastructure
      A1P017: Ownership of the land / physical infrastructure:Multiple OwnersSingle OwnerMultiple Owners
      A1P018: Number of buildings in PED
      A1P018: Number of buildings in PED2267
      A1P019: Conditioned space
      A1P019: Conditioned space [m²]197001.01
      A1P020: Total ground area
      A1P020: Total ground area [m²]6000017.132
      A1P021: Floor area ratio: Conditioned space / total ground area
      A1P021: Floor area ratio: Conditioned space / total ground area0000
      A1P022: Financial schemes
      A1P022a: Financing - PRIVATE - Real estatenonoyesyes
      A1P022a: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022b: Financing - PRIVATE - ESCO schemenononono
      A1P022b: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022c: Financing - PRIVATE - Othernoyesnoyes
      A1P022c: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022d: Financing - PUBLIC - EU structural fundingnononono
      A1P022d: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022e: Financing - PUBLIC - National fundingnoyesnoyes
      A1P022e: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022f: Financing - PUBLIC - Regional fundingnoyesnono
      A1P022f: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022g: Financing - PUBLIC - Municipal fundingnonoyesyes
      A1P022g: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022h: Financing - PUBLIC - Othernononono
      A1P022h: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022i: Financing - RESEARCH FUNDING - EUnoyesyesyes
      A1P022i: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022j: Financing - RESEARCH FUNDING - Nationalnononono
      A1P022j: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022k: Financing - RESEARCH FUNDING - Local/regionalnononono
      A1P022k: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022l: Financing - RESEARCH FUNDING - Othernononono
      A1P022l: Add the value in EUR if available [EUR]
      A1P022: Other
      A1P023: Economic Targets
      A1P023: Economic Targets
      • Positive externalities,
      • Boosting local and sustainable production
      • Positive externalities,
      • Boosting local and sustainable production
      • Boosting local businesses,
      • Boosting local and sustainable production
      A1P023: OtherDeveloping and demonstrating new solutions
      A1P024: More comments:
      A1P024: More comments:
      A1P025: Estimated PED case study / PED LAB costs
      A1P025: Estimated PED case study / PED LAB costs [mil. EUR]5
      Contact person for general enquiries
      A1P026: NameArtemis Giavasoglou, Kleopatra KalampokaAdelina RodriguesSamuli RinneJasper Tonen, Elisabeth Koops
      A1P027: OrganizationMunicipality of Kifissia – SPARCS local teamMaia Municipality (CM Maia) – Energy and Mobility divisionCity of OuluMunicipality of Groningen
      A1P028: AffiliationMunicipality / Public BodiesMunicipality / Public BodiesMunicipality / Public BodiesMunicipality / Public Bodies
      A1P028: Other
      A1P029: Emailgiavasoglou@kifissia.grdscm.adelina@cm-maia.ptsamuli.rinne@ouka.fiJasper.tonen@groningen.nl
      Contact person for other special topics
      A1P030: NameStavros Zapantis - vice mayorCarolina Gonçalves (AdEPorto)Samuli Rinne
      A1P031: Emailstavros.zapantis@gmail.comcarolinagoncalves@adeporto.eusamuli.rinne@ouka.fi
      Pursuant to the General Data Protection RegulationYesYesYes
      A2P001: Fields of application
      A2P001: Fields of application
      • Energy production
      • Energy efficiency,
      • Energy flexibility,
      • Energy production,
      • E-mobility,
      • Urban comfort (pollution, heat island, noise level etc.),
      • Digital technologies
      • Energy efficiency,
      • Energy flexibility,
      • Energy production,
      • E-mobility,
      • Digital technologies,
      • Water use,
      • Indoor air quality
      • Energy efficiency,
      • Energy flexibility,
      • Energy production,
      • E-mobility,
      • Urban comfort (pollution, heat island, noise level etc.),
      • Waste management
      A2P001: Other
      A2P002: Tools/strategies/methods applied for each of the above-selected fields
      A2P002: Tools/strategies/methods applied for each of the above-selected fieldsEnergy production: - installation of photovoltaic systems for renewable on-site energy production; - installation of a BIPV demonstrator for the City Hall building. Energy flexibility: - implementation of an energy community through an active citizens involvement process. Digital technologies: - smart-meters installation in some dwellings in order to monitor consumption and suggest more sustainable energy behaviours. [PCP] Through https://balcaodigital.e-redes.pt/consumptions/history “Espaço Municipal” (https://www.espacomunicipal.pt/pt/) might access history of consumption up to midnight of the previous day. E-mobility: - Installation of new charging stations for electric vehicles; Urban comfort and air quality: - Monitoring units for air pollutants concentration (PM2.5, PM10, NO2) [PCP] Currently we are monitoring CO, O3, NO2, SO2, noise, PM2.5 and PM10 at a point 267 m east from the four buildings southeast of Sobreiro area:Different kinds of waste heat streams are utilized by heat pumps. These are district heating return water (actually this is an indirect way to cool down the flue gas in the scrubber), ventilation exhaust air and sewage water. As a normal case, in ventilation also air-to-air heat exchanges are used. PV power is harvested also, in vertical and more horizontal panels. Buildings are well insulated to decrease the needed amount of heating energy in the first place.Energy efficiency: - buildings energy retrofit supported by tax bonuses - replacing heat supply technologies Energy production: - installation of new (PV) systems for renewable on-site energy production; - presence of a large PV plant in the South East (2 solar parks: 12MW and 107MW) and North area (0,4 MW) Energy flexibility: - energy storage solutions, battery storage and possible hydrogen production - GRID balancing services E-mobility - Installation of new charging stations for electric vehicles; Urban Management - make use of the organizational structure Waste Management - circular use of municipal waste streams
      A2P003: Application of ISO52000
      A2P003: Application of ISO52000NoNoNo
      A2P004: Appliances included in the calculation of the energy balance
      A2P004: Appliances included in the calculation of the energy balanceYesNoNo
      A2P005: Mobility included in the calculation of the energy balance
      A2P005: Mobility included in the calculation of the energy balanceNoNoNo
      A2P006: Description of how mobility is included (or not included) in the calculation
      A2P006: Description of how mobility is included (or not included) in the calculationNot included. However, there is a charging place for a shared EV in one building.Mobility, till now, is not included in the energy model.
      A2P007: Annual energy demand in buildings / Thermal demand
      A2P007: Annual energy demand in buildings / Thermal demand [GWh/annum]2.12.3
      A2P008: Annual energy demand in buildings / Electric Demand
      A2P008: Annual energy demand in buildings / Electric Demand [GWh/annum]0.20.33
      A2P009: Annual energy demand for e-mobility
      A2P009: Annual energy demand for e-mobility [GWh/annum]
      A2P010: Annual energy demand for urban infrastructure
      A2P010: Annual energy demand for urban infrastructure [GWh/annum]
      A2P011: Annual renewable electricity production on-site during target year
      A2P011: PVyesyesyesno
      A2P011: PV - specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]0.1
      A2P011: Windnononono
      A2P011: Wind - specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P011: Hydronononono
      A2P011: Hydro - specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P011: Biomass_elnononono
      A2P011: Biomass_el - specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P011: Biomass_peat_elnononono
      A2P011: Biomass_peat_el - specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P011: PVT_elnononono
      A2P011: PVT_el - specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P011: Othernononono
      A2P011: Other - specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P012: Annual renewable thermal production on-site during target year
      A2P012: Geothermalnononoyes
      A2P012 - Geothermal: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P012: Solar Thermalnoyesnoyes
      A2P012 - Solar Thermal: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P012: Biomass_heatnononoyes
      A2P012 - Biomass_heat: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]0.1
      A2P012: Waste heat+HPnonoyesyes
      A2P012 - Waste heat+HP: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]2.2
      A2P012: Biomass_peat_heatnononono
      A2P012 - Biomass_peat_heat: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P012: PVT_thnononoyes
      A2P012 - PVT_th: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P012: Biomass_firewood_thnononono
      A2P012 - Biomass_firewood_th: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P012: Othernononono
      A2P012 - Other: Please specify production in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P013: Renewable resources on-site - Additional notes
      A2P013: Renewable resources on-site - Additional notesHeat is produced from DH return, refrigeration and exhaust air. The mentioned 2200 MWh/a includes HP el. consumption (about 1/6 of that)Geothermal heatpump systems, Waste heat from data centers
      A2P014: Annual energy use
      A2P014: Annual energy use [GWh/annum]2.3
      A2P015: Annual energy delivered
      A2P015: Annual energy delivered [GWh/annum]
      A2P016: Annual non-renewable electricity production on-site during target year
      A2P016: Annual non-renewable electricity production on-site during target year [GWh/annum]00
      A2P017: Annual non-renewable thermal production on-site during target year
      A2P017: Gasnononono
      A2P017 - Gas: Annual non-renewable thermal production on-site during target year [GWh/annum]
      A2P017: Coalnononono
      A2P017 - Coal: Annual non-renewable thermal production on-site during target year [GWh/annum]
      A2P017: Oilnononono
      A2P017 - Oil: Annual non-renewable thermal production on-site during target year [GWh/annum]
      A2P017: Othernononono
      A2P017 - Other: Annual non-renewable thermal production on-site during target year [GWh/annum]
      A2P018: Annual renewable electricity imports from outside the boundary during target year
      A2P018: PVnonoyesno
      A2P018 - PV: specify production in GWh/annum if available [GWh/annum]
      A2P018: Windnonoyesno
      A2P018 - Wind: specify production in GWh/annum if available [GWh/annum]
      A2P018: Hydrononoyesno
      A2P018 - Hydro: specify production in GWh/annum if available [GWh/annum]
      A2P018: Biomass_elnonoyesno
      A2P018 - Biomass_el: specify production in GWh/annum if available [GWh/annum]
      A2P018: Biomass_peat_elnonoyesno
      A2P018 - Biomass_peat_el: specify production in GWh/annum if available [GWh/annum]
      A2P018: PVT_elnononono
      A2P018 - PVT_el: specify production in GWh/annum if available [GWh/annum]
      A2P018: Othernononono
      A2P018 - Other: specify production in GWh/annum if available [GWh/annum]
      A2P019: Annual renewable thermal imports from outside the boundary during target year
      A2P019: Geothermalnononono
      A2P019 Geothermal: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P019: Solar Thermalnononono
      A2P019 Solar Thermal: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P019: Biomass_heatnonoyesno
      A2P019 Biomass_heat: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]0.7
      A2P019: Waste heat+HPnononono
      A2P019 Waste heat+HP: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P019: Biomass_peat_heatnononono
      A2P019 Biomass_peat_heat: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P019: PVT_thnononono
      A2P019 PVT_th: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P019: Biomass_firewood_thnononono
      A2P019 Biomass_firewood_th: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P019: Othernononono
      A2P019 Other: Please specify imports in GWh/annum [GWh/annum]
      A2P020: Share of RES on-site / RES outside the boundary
      A2P020: Share of RES on-site / RES outside the boundary003.28571428571430
      A2P021: GHG-balance calculated for the PED
      A2P021: GHG-balance calculated for the PED [tCO2/annum]0
      A2P022: KPIs related to the PED case study / PED Lab
      A2P022: Safety & Security
      A2P022: HealthEncouraging a healthy lifestyle
      A2P022: Education
      A2P022: MobilityModal Split, Fuel mix in mobility, Energy use for transportation, Access to public transport, Public infrastructure promoting low-carbon mobility, Number of public EV charging stations, Energy delivered for EV charging
      A2P022: EnergyFinal energy consumption, Primary energy consumption, Energy imported to PED, Energy exported from PED, RES production, PED energy balance, Energy savings in the PED, GHG emissions, Reduction of emissions, Final energy consumption per capita, Primary energy consumption per capita, Primary energy sources (shares), Buildings connected to DH-network or renewable energy grid, GHG emissions per capita, System flexibility for energy players, RES storage usage, Peak load reduction
      A2P022: Water
      A2P022: Economic developmentTotal investments, Payback time, Economic value of savings
      A2P022: Housing and CommunityDevelopment of housing prices, Housing cost overburden rate, Citizen engagement/empowerment to climate conscious actions, Inhabitants in dense areas, Energy poverty
      A2P022: WasteRecycling rate
      A2P022: OtherSmart Cities strategies, Quality of open data
      A2P023: Technological Solutions / Innovations - Energy Generation
      A2P023: Photovoltaicsnoyesyesyes
      A2P023: Solar thermal collectorsnoyesnoyes
      A2P023: Wind Turbinesnononono
      A2P023: Geothermal energy systemnononoyes
      A2P023: Waste heat recoverynonoyesyes
      A2P023: Waste to energynononoyes
      A2P023: Polygenerationnononono
      A2P023: Co-generationnonoyesno
      A2P023: Heat Pumpnoyesyesyes
      A2P023: Hydrogennononono
      A2P023: Hydropower plantnononono
      A2P023: Biomassnonoyesno
      A2P023: Biogasnononono
      A2P023: Other
      A2P024: Technological Solutions / Innovations - Energy Flexibility
      A2P024: A2P024: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)noyesyesyes
      A2P024: Energy management systemnoyesyesyes
      A2P024: Demand-side managementnononoyes
      A2P024: Smart electricity gridnononono
      A2P024: Thermal Storagenonoyesyes
      A2P024: Electric Storagenoyesnoyes
      A2P024: District Heating and Coolingnonoyesyes
      A2P024: Smart metering and demand-responsive control systemsnoyesnoyes
      A2P024: P2P – buildingsnononono
      A2P024: Other
      A2P025: Technological Solutions / Innovations - Energy Efficiency
      A2P025: Deep Retrofittingnoyesyesno
      A2P025: Energy efficiency measures in historic buildingsnononoyes
      A2P025: High-performance new buildingsnonoyesyes
      A2P025: Smart Public infrastructure (e.g. smart lighting)noyesnoyes
      A2P025: Urban data platformsnonoyesyes
      A2P025: Mobile applications for citizensnononono
      A2P025: Building services (HVAC & Lighting)noyesyesno
      A2P025: Smart irrigationnononono
      A2P025: Digital tracking for waste disposalnoyesnono
      A2P025: Smart surveillancenononono
      A2P025: Other
      A2P026: Technological Solutions / Innovations - Mobility
      A2P026: Efficiency of vehicles (public and/or private)noyesyesno
      A2P026: Measures to reduce traffic volume (e.g. measure to support public transportation, shared mobility, measure to reduce journeys and distances)nonoyesno
      A2P026: e-Mobilitynoyesyesyes
      A2P026: Soft mobility infrastructures and last mile solutionsnonoyesno
      A2P026: Car-free areanononono
      A2P026: Other
      A2P027: Mobility strategies - Additional notes
      A2P027: Mobility strategies - Additional notes
      A2P028: Energy efficiency certificates
      A2P028: Energy efficiency certificatesYesYesYes
      A2P028: If yes, please specify and/or enter notesEnergy Performance Certificate - in Greece it is mandatory in order to buy or rent a house or a dwellingThe Municipal Buildings have an energy certificate, according to the Portuguese legislation.The obligatory buildijng energy classificationEnergy Performance Certificate
      A2P029: Any other building / district certificates
      A2P029: Any other building / district certificatesNoNo
      A2P029: If yes, please specify and/or enter notes
      A3P001: Relevant city /national strategy
      A3P001: Relevant city /national strategy
      • Energy master planning (SECAP, etc.),
      • Promotion of energy communities (REC/CEC)
      • Urban Renewal Strategies,
      • Energy master planning (SECAP, etc.),
      • Promotion of energy communities (REC/CEC),
      • Climate change adaption plan/strategy (e.g. Climate City contract)
      • Smart cities strategies,
      • Urban Renewal Strategies,
      • Energy master planning (SECAP, etc.),
      • New development strategies,
      • Climate change adaption plan/strategy (e.g. Climate City contract),
      • National / international city networks addressing sustainable urban development and climate neutrality
      • Energy master planning (SECAP, etc.),
      • New development strategies,
      • National / international city networks addressing sustainable urban development and climate neutrality
      A3P002: Quantitative targets included in the city / national strategy
      A3P002: Quantitative targets included in the city / national strategyCarbon neutrality by 2035
      A3P003: Strategies towards decarbonization of the gas grid
      A3P003: Strategies towards decarbonization of the gas grid
      • Other
      • Electrification of Heating System based on Heat Pumps,
      • Electrification of Cooking Methods,
      • Biogas
      A3P003: OtherAt a national level there are some studies regarding the decarbonization of the gas grid, but no concrete strategies so far.
      A3P004: Identification of needs and priorities
      A3P004: Identification of needs and prioritiesDeveloping and demonstrating solutions for carbon neutrality
      A3P005: Sustainable behaviour
      A3P005: Sustainable behaviourE. g. visualizing energy and water consumptionIn Groningen we are working with different sustainable behaviours approaches and also developed the Unified Citizen Engagement Approach (UCEA). Currently, there are two different approaches in use in the municipality of Groningen: the District energy approach (Wijkgerichte aanpak, developed by the Municipality of Groningen) and the Cooperative approach (Coöperative Aanpak, developed by Grunneger Power). Based upon those approaches and knowledge that is gained through social research executed by TNO and HUAS the new Unified Citizen Engagement Approach (UCEA) has been developed.
      A3P006: Economic strategies
      A3P006: Economic strategies
      • Innovative business models,
      • PPP models,
      • Existing incentives
      • Open data business models,
      • Innovative business models,
      • PPP models,
      • Life Cycle Cost,
      • Circular economy models
      • Innovative business models,
      • Blockchain
      A3P006: Other
      A3P007: Social models
      A3P007: Social models
      • Co-creation / Citizen engagement strategies,
      • Prevention of energy poverty,
      • Digital Inclusion,
      • Citizen/owner involvement in planning and maintenance,
      • Educational activities and trainings (including capacity building towards technology literacy, energy efficient behaviour)
      • Co-creation / Citizen engagement strategies,
      • Behavioural Change / End-users engagement,
      • Citizen Social Research,
      • Policy Forums,
      • Quality of Life,
      • Strategies towards social mix,
      • Affordability,
      • Prevention of energy poverty,
      • Citizen/owner involvement in planning and maintenance,
      • Educational activities and trainings (including capacity building towards technology literacy, energy efficient behaviour)
      • Strategies towards (local) community-building,
      • Co-creation / Citizen engagement strategies,
      • Citizen Social Research,
      • Prevention of energy poverty,
      • Citizen/owner involvement in planning and maintenance
      A3P007: Other
      A3P008: Integrated urban strategies
      A3P008: Integrated urban strategies
      • City Vision 2050,
      • SECAP Updates,
      • Building / district Certification
      • Strategic urban planning,
      • District Energy plans,
      • City Vision 2050,
      • SECAP Updates
      • Strategic urban planning,
      • District Energy plans,
      • City Vision 2050,
      • SECAP Updates
      A3P008: Other
      A3P009: Environmental strategies
      A3P009: Environmental strategies
      • Energy Neutral,
      • Net zero carbon footprint,
      • Pollutants Reduction
      • Energy Neutral,
      • Net zero carbon footprint
      • Energy Neutral
      A3P009: Other
      A3P010: Legal / Regulatory aspects
      A3P010: Legal / Regulatory aspectsAt national/regional/local level a legislation on PEDs development is not yet available in the Netherlands. There will be a new Environmental Act and Heat Act in the nearby future. We are working on a paper about the current legal barriers, which are in short for Groningen:  Lack of legal certainty and clarity with regard to the energy legislation.  Lack of coherence between policy and legislation from different ministries.  The planned revision of the Dutch Heat Law prevents Groningen from effectively realizing sustainable heat transition plans and goals.  Lack of capacity on the distribution grid for electricity
      B1P001: PED/PED relevant concept definition
      B1P001: PED/PED relevant concept definitionThe original idea is that the area produces at least as much it consumes.
      B1P002: Motivation behind PED/PED relevant project development
      B1P002: Motivation behind PED/PED relevant project developmentDeveloping systems towards carbon neutrality. Also urban renewal.
      B1P003: Environment of the case study area
      B2P003: Environment of the case study areaSuburban area
      B1P004: Type of district
      B2P004: Type of district
      • New construction,
      • Renovation
      B1P005: Case Study Context
      B1P005: Case Study Context
      • New Development,
      • Retrofitting Area
      B1P006: Year of construction
      B1P006: Year of construction
      B1P007: District population before intervention - Residential
      B1P007: District population before intervention - Residential3500
      B1P008: District population after intervention - Residential
      B1P008: District population after intervention - Residential3500
      B1P009: District population before intervention - Non-residential
      B1P009: District population before intervention - Non-residential
      B1P010: District population after intervention - Non-residential
      B1P010: District population after intervention - Non-residential
      B1P011: Population density before intervention
      B1P011: Population density before intervention0000
      B1P012: Population density after intervention
      B1P012: Population density after intervention000.0583333333333330
      B1P013: Building and Land Use before intervention
      B1P013: Residentialnonoyesno
      B1P013 - Residential: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Officenononono
      B1P013 - Office: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Industry and Utilitynononono
      B1P013 - Industry and Utility: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Commercialnonoyesno
      B1P013 - Commercial: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Institutionalnononono
      B1P013 - Institutional: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Natural areasnonoyesno
      B1P013 - Natural areas: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Recreationalnonoyesno
      B1P013 - Recreational: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Dismissed areasnononono
      B1P013 - Dismissed areas: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P013: Othernononono
      B1P013 - Other: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Building and Land Use after intervention
      B1P014: Residentialnonoyesno
      B1P014 - Residential: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Officenononono
      B1P014 - Office: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Industry and Utilitynononono
      B1P014 - Industry and Utility: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Commercialnonoyesno
      B1P014 - Commercial: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Institutionalnononono
      B1P014 - Institutional: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Natural areasnonoyesno
      B1P014 - Natural areas: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Recreationalnonoyesno
      B1P014 - Recreational: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Dismissed areasnononono
      B1P014 - Dismissed areas: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B1P014: Othernononono
      B1P014 - Other: Specify the sqm [m²]
      B2P001: PED Lab concept definition
      B2P001: PED Lab concept definitionGroningen was selected as Lighthouse City for the MAKING-CITY project. MAKING-CITY is a 60-month Horizon 2020 project launched in December 2018. It aims to address and demonstrate the urban energy system transformation towards smart and low-carbon cities, based on the Positive Energy District (PED) concept. The PED operational models developed in MAKING-CITY will help European and other cities around the world to adopt a long-term City Vision 2050 for energy transition and sustainable urbanisation whilst turning citizens into actors of this transformation. Groningen works with two PED districts in two completely different neighbourhoods in terms of structure and buildings. This is why we see this as a lab: to see wat works and what doesn’t. In order to be able to implement this in the rest of the city.
      B2P002: Installation life time
      B2P002: Installation life timePermanent installationThe MAKING-CITY project lasts from November 2018 – November 2023. By that time PED North and PED South East are a fact.
      B2P003: Scale of action
      B2P003: ScaleVirtualDistrict
      B2P004: Operator of the installation
      B2P004: Operator of the installationCM Maia, IPMAIA, NEW, AdEP.The Municipality of Groningen is Manager of the lab but works closely with other parties such as the university, university of applied sciences, research institute TNO and several other parties.
      B2P005: Replication framework: Applied strategy to reuse and recycling the materials
      B2P005: Replication framework: Applied strategy to reuse and recycling the materialsGroningen does not have a strategy to reuse and recyle materials
      B2P006: Circular Economy Approach
      B2P006: Do you apply any strategy to reuse and recycling the materials?NoNo
      B2P006: Other
      B2P007: Motivation for developing the PED Lab
      B2P007: Motivation for developing the PED Lab
      • Strategic
      • Civic
      B2P007: Other
      B2P008: Lead partner that manages the PED Lab
      B2P008: Lead partner that manages the PED LabMunicipalityMunicipality
      B2P008: Other
      B2P009: Collaborative partners that participate in the PED Lab
      B2P009: Collaborative partners that participate in the PED Lab
      • Academia,
      • Private,
      • Industrial,
      • Citizens, public, NGO,
      • Other
      • Academia,
      • Private,
      • Industrial,
      • Other
      B2P009: OtherEnergy Agencyresearch companies, monitoring company, ict company
      B2P010: Synergies between the fields of activities
      B2P010: Synergies between the fields of activities
      B2P011: Available facilities to test urban configurations in PED Lab
      B2P011: Available facilities to test urban configurations in PED Lab
      • Buildings,
      • Demand-side management,
      • Prosumers,
      • Renewable generation,
      • Energy storage,
      • Efficiency measures,
      • Lighting,
      • E-mobility,
      • Information and Communication Technologies (ICT),
      • Ambient measures,
      • Social interactions
      • Buildings,
      • Demand-side management,
      • Energy storage,
      • Energy networks,
      • Waste management,
      • Lighting,
      • E-mobility,
      • Information and Communication Technologies (ICT),
      • Social interactions,
      • Business models
      B2P011: Other
      B2P012: Incubation capacities of PED Lab
      B2P012: Incubation capacities of PED Lab
      • Monitoring and evaluation infrastructure,
      • Tools, spaces, events for testing and validation
      • Tools for prototyping and modelling
      B2P013: Availability of the facilities for external people
      B2P013: Availability of the facilities for external peopleDepends on the building: _Tecmaia is open to the public but the buildings are for the exclusive use of companies allocated at the industrial site; _The municipal buildings have public access; _The residential buildings have an exclusive use for the residents.
      B2P014: Monitoring measures
      B2P014: Monitoring measures
      • Execution plan,
      • Available data,
      • Type of measured data
      • Execution plan,
      • Available data,
      • Type of measured data,
      • Equipment,
      • Level of access
      B2P015: Key Performance indicators
      B2P015: Key Performance indicators
      • Energy,
      • Environmental,
      • Social,
      • Economical / Financial
      • Energy,
      • Social,
      • Economical / Financial
      B2P016: Execution of operations
      B2P016: Execution of operationsCurrent PED status (WP5 SPARCS): Conceptualization and methodology definition of the (virtual) PED for Maia Municipality with real monitoring and assessment in order to replicate and scale up to a city-level PED. The financial investments were already targeted.
      B2P017: Capacities
      B2P017: Capacities_Energy production and storage, _Monitoring; _Digitization.
      B2P018: Relations with stakeholders
      B2P018: Relations with stakeholdersThe relationship with stakeholders (municipal companies, industry, citizens, etc) has been fundamental for the definition of the PED. In this sense, some sessions were organized to gather different points of view in order to trace the best path for the PED. Also, the participation of Maia Municipality in EU projects, as EHHUR and OMEGA-X, makes possible the share of knowledge between different partners.
      B2P019: Available tools
      B2P019: Available tools
      • Energy modelling,
      • Social models,
      • Business and financial models,
      • Fundraising and accessing resources,
      • Matching actors
      • Energy modelling,
      • Social models,
      • Business and financial models
      B2P019: Available tools
      B2P020: External accessibility
      B2P020: External accessibility
      C1P001: Unlocking Factors
      C1P001: Recent technological improvements for on-site RES production5 - Very important4 - Important5 - Very important3 - Moderately important
      C1P001: Innovative, integrated, prefabricated packages for buildings envelope / Energy efficiency of building stock5 - Very important4 - Important2 - Slightly important3 - Moderately important
      C1P001: Energy Communities, P2P, Prosumers concepts5 - Very important4 - Important2 - Slightly important4 - Important
      C1P001: Storage systems and E-mobility market penetration4 - Important1 - Unimportant4 - Important
      C1P001: Decreasing costs of innovative materials4 - Important3 - Moderately important3 - Moderately important5 - Very important
      C1P001: Financial mechanisms to reduce costs and maximize benefits4 - Important4 - Important3 - Moderately important5 - Very important
      C1P001: The ability to predict Multiple Benefits4 - Important4 - Important3 - Moderately important
      C1P001: The ability to predict the distribution of benefits and impacts4 - Important2 - Slightly important3 - Moderately important
      C1P001: Citizens improved awareness and engagement on sustainable energy issues (bottom-up)5 - Very important4 - Important3 - Moderately important5 - Very important
      C1P001: Social acceptance (top-down)5 - Very important4 - Important5 - Very important3 - Moderately important
      C1P001: Improved local and national policy frameworks (i.e. incentives, laws etc.)3 - Moderately important4 - Important2 - Slightly important4 - Important
      C1P001: Presence of integrated urban strategies and plans3 - Moderately important5 - Very important4 - Important3 - Moderately important
      C1P001: Multidisciplinary approaches available for systemic integration3 - Moderately important4 - Important4 - Important2 - Slightly important
      C1P001: Availability of grants (from EC or other donors) to finance the PED Lab projects4 - Important4 - Important3 - Moderately important3 - Moderately important
      C1P001: Availability of RES on site (Local RES)4 - Important4 - Important4 - Important
      C1P001: Ongoing or established collaboration on Public Private Partnership among key stakeholders4 - Important4 - Important4 - Important3 - Moderately important
      C1P001: Any other UNLOCKING FACTORS1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant
      C1P001: Any other UNLOCKING FACTORS (if any)
      C1P002: Driving Factors
      C1P002: Climate Change adaptation need4 - Important5 - Very important1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important
      C1P002: Climate Change mitigation need (local RES production and efficiency)5 - Very important4 - Important5 - Very important3 - Moderately important
      C1P002: Rapid urbanization trend and need of urban expansions1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P002: Urban re-development of existing built environment3 - Moderately important4 - Important5 - Very important4 - Important
      C1P002: Economic growth need2 - Slightly important4 - Important2 - Slightly important2 - Slightly important
      C1P002: Improved local environmental quality (air, noise, aesthetics, etc.)3 - Moderately important4 - Important3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant
      C1P002: Territorial and market attractiveness2 - Slightly important4 - Important5 - Very important2 - Slightly important
      C1P002: Energy autonomy/independence5 - Very important4 - Important3 - Moderately important2 - Slightly important
      C1P002: Any other DRIVING FACTOR1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant4 - Important
      C1P002: Any other DRIVING FACTOR (if any)Earthquakes due to gas extraction
      C1P003: Administrative barriers
      C1P003: Difficulty in the coordination of high number of partners and authorities4 - Important5 - Very important2 - Slightly important3 - Moderately important
      C1P003: Lack of good cooperation and acceptance among partners3 - Moderately important4 - Important1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important
      C1P003: Lack of public participation3 - Moderately important3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P003: Lack of institutions/mechanisms to disseminate information3 - Moderately important3 - Moderately important2 - Slightly important2 - Slightly important
      C1P003:Long and complex procedures for authorization of project activities5 - Very important5 - Very important3 - Moderately important4 - Important
      C1P003: Time consuming requirements by EC or other donors concerning reporting and accountancy4 - Important4 - Important5 - Very important4 - Important
      C1P003: Complicated and non-comprehensive public procurement4 - Important4 - Important2 - Slightly important3 - Moderately important
      C1P003: Fragmented and or complex ownership structure3 - Moderately important5 - Very important2 - Slightly important4 - Important
      C1P003: City administration & cross-sectoral attitude/approaches (silos)3 - Moderately important5 - Very important2 - Slightly important5 - Very important
      C1P003: Lack of internal capacities to support energy transition3 - Moderately important4 - Important2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant
      C1P003: Any other Administrative BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P003: Any other Administrative BARRIER (if any)
      C1P004: Policy barriers
      C1P004: Lack of long-term and consistent energy plans and policies4 - Important3 - Moderately important2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant
      C1P004: Lacking or fragmented local political commitment and support on the long term4 - Important3 - Moderately important3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant
      C1P004: Lack of Cooperation & support between national-regional-local entities3 - Moderately important3 - Moderately important3 - Moderately important2 - Slightly important
      C1P004: Any other Political BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P004: Any other Political BARRIER (if any)
      C1P005: Legal and Regulatory barriers
      C1P005: Inadequate regulations for new technologies4 - Important4 - Important3 - Moderately important4 - Important
      C1P005: Regulatory instability3 - Moderately important4 - Important2 - Slightly important3 - Moderately important
      C1P005: Non-effective regulations4 - Important4 - Important2 - Slightly important3 - Moderately important
      C1P005: Unfavorable local regulations for innovative technologies3 - Moderately important4 - Important1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important
      C1P005: Building code and land-use planning hindering innovative technologies4 - Important4 - Important2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant
      C1P005: Insufficient or insecure financial incentives4 - Important4 - Important2 - Slightly important3 - Moderately important
      C1P005: Unresolved privacy concerns and limiting nature of privacy protection regulation4 - Important4 - Important4 - Important2 - Slightly important
      C1P005: Shortage of proven and tested solutions and examples3 - Moderately important2 - Slightly important2 - Slightly important
      C1P005: Any other Legal and Regulatory BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P005: Any other Legal and Regulatory BARRIER (if any)
      C1P006: Environmental barriers
      C1P006: Environmental barriers
      C1P007: Technical barriers
      C1P007: Lack of skilled and trained personnel4 - Important4 - Important2 - Slightly important4 - Important
      C1P007: Deficient planning3 - Moderately important3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important
      C1P007: Retrofitting work in dwellings in occupied state4 - Important4 - Important1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important
      C1P007: Lack of well-defined process4 - Important4 - Important1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important
      C1P007: Inaccuracy in energy modelling and simulation4 - Important4 - Important3 - Moderately important4 - Important
      C1P007: Lack/cost of computational scalability4 - Important4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P007: Grid congestion, grid instability4 - Important4 - Important1 - Unimportant4 - Important
      C1P007: Negative effects of project intervention on the natural environment3 - Moderately important3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P007: Energy retrofitting work in dense and/or historical urban environment5 - Very important4 - Important1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important
      C1P007: Difficult definition of system boundaries3 - Moderately important4 - Important5 - Very important1 - Unimportant
      C1P007: Any other Thecnical BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P007: Any other Thecnical BARRIER (if any)
      C1P008: Social and Cultural barriers
      C1P008: Inertia4 - Important3 - Moderately important2 - Slightly important2 - Slightly important
      C1P008: Lack of values and interest in energy optimization measurements5 - Very important3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important
      C1P008: Low acceptance of new projects and technologies5 - Very important3 - Moderately important2 - Slightly important2 - Slightly important
      C1P008: Difficulty of finding and engaging relevant actors5 - Very important3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important
      C1P008: Lack of trust beyond social network4 - Important4 - Important1 - Unimportant4 - Important
      C1P008: Rebound effect4 - Important4 - Important1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important
      C1P008: Hostile or passive attitude towards environmentalism5 - Very important3 - Moderately important2 - Slightly important1 - Unimportant
      C1P008: Exclusion of socially disadvantaged groups2 - Slightly important3 - Moderately important1 - Unimportant5 - Very important
      C1P008: Non-energy issues are more important and urgent for actors3 - Moderately important4 - Important3 - Moderately important4 - Important
      C1P008: Hostile or passive attitude towards energy collaboration3 - Moderately important2 - Slightly important2 - Slightly important
      C1P008: Any other Social BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P008: Any other Social BARRIER (if any)
      C1P009: Information and Awareness barriers
      C1P009: Insufficient information on the part of potential users and consumers4 - Important2 - Slightly important3 - Moderately important
      C1P009: Perception of interventions as complicated and expensive, with negative socio-economic or environmental impacts4 - Important2 - Slightly important3 - Moderately important
      C1P009: Lack of awareness among authorities4 - Important1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important
      C1P009: Information asymmetry causing power asymmetry of established actors4 - Important1 - Unimportant3 - Moderately important
      C1P009: High costs of design, material, construction, and installation4 - Important3 - Moderately important4 - Important
      C1P009: Any other Information and Awareness BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P009: Any other Information and Awareness BARRIER (if any)
      C1P010: Financial barriers
      C1P010: Hidden costs4 - Important1 - Unimportant2 - Slightly important
      C1P010: Insufficient external financial support and funding for project activities4 - Important2 - Slightly important3 - Moderately important
      C1P010: Economic crisis4 - Important1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P010: Risk and uncertainty4 - Important3 - Moderately important3 - Moderately important
      C1P010: Lack of consolidated and tested business models4 - Important3 - Moderately important3 - Moderately important
      C1P010: Limited access to capital and cost disincentives4 - Important2 - Slightly important2 - Slightly important
      C1P010: Any other Financial BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P010: Any other Financial BARRIER (if any)
      C1P011: Market barriers
      C1P011: Split incentives5 - Very important2 - Slightly important5 - Very important
      C1P011: Energy price distortion4 - Important2 - Slightly important4 - Important
      C1P011: Energy market concentration, gatekeeper actors (DSOs)4 - Important1 - Unimportant4 - Important
      C1P011: Any other Market BARRIER1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant1 - Unimportant
      C1P011: Any other Market BARRIER (if any)
      C1P012: Stakeholders involved
      C1P012: Government/Public Authorities
      • Planning/leading,
      • Design/demand aggregation,
      • Monitoring/operation/management
      • Planning/leading,
      • Design/demand aggregation,
      • Construction/implementation
      C1P012: Research & Innovation
      • Planning/leading,
      • Design/demand aggregation,
      • Monitoring/operation/management
      • Planning/leading,
      • Design/demand aggregation,
      • Monitoring/operation/management
      C1P012: Financial/Funding
      • Planning/leading,
      • Design/demand aggregation,
      • Construction/implementation,
      • Monitoring/operation/management
      • Design/demand aggregation,
      • Construction/implementation
      C1P012: Analyst, ICT and Big Data
      • Monitoring/operation/management
      • Design/demand aggregation,
      • Monitoring/operation/management
      C1P012: Business process management
      • Planning/leading,
      • Monitoring/operation/management
      • Planning/leading
      C1P012: Urban Services providers
      • Planning/leading
      • Design/demand aggregation,
      • Monitoring/operation/management
      C1P012: Real Estate developers
      • Design/demand aggregation,
      • Construction/implementation
      • Construction/implementation
      C1P012: Design/Construction companies
      • Design/demand aggregation
      • Construction/implementation
      C1P012: End‐users/Occupants/Energy Citizens
      • Monitoring/operation/management
      • None
      C1P012: Social/Civil Society/NGOs
      • Monitoring/operation/management
      • Planning/leading,
      • Design/demand aggregation
      C1P012: Industry/SME/eCommerce
      • Planning/leading,
      • Design/demand aggregation,
      • Construction/implementation,
      • Monitoring/operation/management
      • Planning/leading,
      • Design/demand aggregation,
      • Construction/implementation,
      • Monitoring/operation/management
      C1P012: Other
      C1P012: Other (if any)
      Summary

      Authors (framework concept)

      Beril Alpagut (Demir Energy); Giulia Turci (University of Bologna); Michal Kuzmic (Czech Technical University in Prague); Paolo Civiero (Università Roma Tre); Serena Pagliulia (University of Bologna); Oscar Seco (CIEMAT); Silvia Soutullo (CIEMAT); Daniele Vettorato (EURAC Research, IEA Annex 83); Bailador Ferreras M. Almudena (CIEMAT); Vicky Albert-Seifried (FHG ISE)

      Contributors (to the content)

      Laura Aelenei (LNEG), Nienke Maas (TNO), Savis Gohari (OsloMet), Andras Reith (ABUD), Ghazal Etminan (AIT), Maria-Beatrice Andreucci (Universita Sapienza), Francesco Reda (VTT, IEA Annex 83), Mari Hukkalainen (VTT), Judith-Borsboom (Locality), Gilda Massa (ENEA), Jelena Ziemele (University of Latvia), Nikola Pokorny (CVUT), Sergio Diaz de Garayo Balsategui (CENER, IEA Annex 83), Matthias Haaze (ZHAW, IEA Annex 83), Christoph Gollner (FFG, JPI UE), Silvia Bossi (ENEA, JPI UE), Christian Winzer (Zurich University of Applied Science), George Martinopoulos (Centre for Research and Technology Hellas), Maria Nuria Sánchez (CIEMAT), Angelina Tomova (Energy Agency of Plovdiv)

      Implemented by

      Boutik.pt: Filipe Martins, Jamal Khan
      Marek Suchánek (Czech Technical University in Prague)